Hacker terminology raised since the beginning of 1960's among members of students of Tech Model Railroad Club in Artificial Intelegent of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). the word 'hacker' came first with the positive meaning to mention someone who have special ability in computer and skilled to creat computer program better than the program created before in a team.
in reality, hackers are people who love to play with toys. whenever there is a new toy in telecommunication at his/her time, s/he interested to do something to that 'toy' as soon as possible. Emmanuel Goldstein narated historical backgrounds of america's modern telecommunication technologies, with the role of hackers in testing and checking weaknesses of those technologies. and by this ability they did much in upgrading technologies's abilities.
about underground movement in cyberspace we can find in 'Phrack' and '2600'. however its hard to separate between concept of hacker and images of hacker in the public space.
As a young culture, hackers continuesly look for ways to deny autorities and oppose every images and definitions about them.
"Understanding hackers of today necessitates a basic understanding of the history of the subculture that preceded them and of how, traditionally, subcultures have functioned to resist dominant cultural interpretations of them" (Douglas Thomas, 2002: 141)
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