Cloudflare dan Kejahatan Internet

CloudFlare (San Francisco) bisa dibilang berada di posisi puncak dalam teknologi inet dan network, yang bisa membantu dalam sisi keamanan dan kecepatan, serta stamina berbagai situs inet.
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Cloudflare juga bisa dikatakan sebagai usaha yang didanai untuk memberi jalan bagi para pelaku kejahatan inet dengan memberi kesan sebagai reverse proxy. Cloudflare juga secara ilegal membiarkan para heker, par

a pelaku DDoS, dan penyerangan melalui inet lainnya, serta pembajakan hak cipta, sembunyi di balik server mereka.

novel: Zero Day

An airliner falls from the sky. A nuclear reactor nearly melts down. An oil tanker runs aground. Jeff Aiken and Daryl Haugen believe these incidents are the result of a massive cyber attack that’s under way. The clock is ticking as they race to figure out who is behind it and how to stop it. Written by a global authority on cyber security, Zero Day presents a chilling “what if” scenario that, in a world completely reliant on technology, is more than possible today—it’s a cataclysmic disaster just waiting to happen._ (http://www.zerodaythebook.com/)

Mark datang ke Microsoft pada 2006 untuk membantu peningkatan sisi seni dari Windows, kini dalam karya terakhir yang dipaksa muncul, dia memunculkan kewaspadaan atas segala bentuk cyberterrorism yang terlalu nyata. Itulah tanggapan Bill Gates atas karya Mark Russinovich (Zeno Day, novel).
Latar belakang penulis memang cukup membantu seseorang dalam mempopulerkan karyanya, Mark yang oleh Amazon.com dikatakan sebagai salah satu Microsoft Guru tentu memberikan ketertarikan sendiri bagi para konsumen-pembaca untuk novelnya.
Dirilis pada 15 Maret 2011 oleh Thomas Dunne Books, Anda dapat membaca tujuh halaman kutipan pilihan oleh Mark di Scribd. Ketertarikan pada jenis konten sebuah buku juga dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang calon pembaca, tidak semua konsumen menyukai semua jenis buku yang diterbitkan.
Sebagaimana di atas, asumsi juga dapat dibangun dengan menganalogikan nalar penulis dengan latar belakangnya sebagai penekanan, yang kadang terlepas dari baik-buruknya cara (kemampuan) bertutur novelnya. Dari kutipan (excerpt) di scribd.com terlihat bahwa Mark memberikan narasi yang menarik pada peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi. Semoga saja ini bukan kutipan terbaik di antara lainnya, semoga keseluruhan novelnya juga mampu membawa kita larut dalam alur ceritanya. Dari 185 customers yang memberikan rating di amazon.com, 114 di antaranya sepakat bahwa novel ini excellent (lima bintang).

perlindungan dalam cyberspace di indonesia

Kini berbagai departemen telah secara antusias dan persuasif memanfaatkan jasa perlindungan dan keamanan data. kebutuhan ini telah meliputi jasa-jasa layanan publik baik sektor swasta maupun pemerintahan.
Perlu disadari, bahwa penanganan kejahatan di dunia maya masih terus berlanjut dan terus ditingkatkan dengan kemampuan masing masing. sejak disadari tidak adanya kemampuan yang memadai dari aparat penegak hukum dalam menangani kejahatan cyber, maka sistem perlindungan diri secara swadaya terus dijadikan patokan utama bagi keamanan masing-masing.
sayangnya adalah, kinerja lamban tidak mampu mengimbangi peningkatan jumlah tindak kejahatan

Narration of Cybercrime History

1764: Choice theory came about through the thinking and writing of Cesare Beccaria in the mid-seventeenth Century, and it is still widely relied on to explain why people break laws against many types of traditional crime and cybercrime.

1789: Copyright protection was legalized to empower creators, ‘‘To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.’’

1800: Beginning in the nineteenth century new scientific methods lead to discoveries having to do with trait theory.

1900: In the twentieth century several additional general theories of crime came into being. One of these was social process theory, which posits that people commit crime as the result of how they are raised, educated, and acculturated in society.

1903: Originally known as the Bureau of Corporations, the FTC was created on February 14, 1903, under legislation sought by President Theodore Roosevelt to guard against price fixing by corporate cartels.


1914: Congress reconstituted the Bureau of Corporations into the FTC with enactment of the Federal Trade Commission and Clayton Act.


1923: Interpol is established as an international crime information organization.

1929: October 24, Black Thursday. The Stock Market crashed starting the Great Depression, which ultimately led to banking reforms including the establishment of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) as authorized by Congress in the Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

1932: Enigma was deconstructed originally by a Polish mathematician, Marian Rejewski, in 1932, who was able to decipher a pattern and method of encryption allowing the evolution of Enigma to be tracked.

1933: Convention on Rights and Duties of States (inter-American); December 26, 1933.

1934: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) created in response to the thousands of bank failures that occurred in the 1920s and early 1930s.

1937: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established by the Communications Act of 1934 as an independent agency of the federal government, directly responsible to Congress.

1939: ‘‘SPAM’’ was first coined (and trademarked) in 1937 as the brand name of a canned pork product that is still made by the Hormel Foods Corporation.

1945: World War II begins with Germany’s invasion of Poland and sets the stage for computer research and development leading to innovations in munitions and rocket and missile guidance systems.

1950s: World War II ends with Germany and Japan surrendering to allied nations. The United Nations is founded in the aftermath. Students attending Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) establish the basis for what eventually would emerge as the hacker subculture.

1958: The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 created the Federal Aviation Agency (forerunner to the FAA).

1960: PLATO is developed and considered to be the first online educational community.

1963: The term ‘‘cyber culture’’ first appears in the Oxford English Dictionary.

1967: Federal Aviation Agency, changed to the FAA in 1967 when it became a part of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

1969: ARPANET is created by connecting the mainframe computers at Stanford Research Institute, the University of California–Santa Barbara, the University of California–Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Utah.

1972: Atari’s Pong is released, considered the first true video game.

1974: Congress created the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) as an independent agency with a mandate relating to that of the SEC, to regulate commodity futures and option markets in the United States.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is established as an independent agency to regulate civilian use of nuclear materials as authorized by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974.

1975: Dungeons and Dragons is created by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson is released, one of the first fantasy role-playing games originally designed for tabletop play.

Congress creates the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to administer and enforce the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), the statute that governs the financing of federal elections.

1976: Copyright Act of 1976 grants exclusive rights to a copyright  owner, including the following: (1) the right to reproduce the work; (2) rights to create and reproduce other works based on the original piece; (3) the right to distribute copies; (4) rights to perform the work publicly; and (5) the right to display and transmit the work in a public place.

In a 1976 Congressional Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (i.e., the Church Committee), examples of the Federal Government’s illegal domestic spying are revealed.

1978: The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978) creates a secret court to review wiretap and other requests of law enforcement agencies in cases that threaten national security.

1980s: Public key encryption was first conceived of in the mid-1980s.

Leetspeak makes its first appearance in the mid-1980s.

Malware begins plaguing information systems, which initially are not illegal and considered malicious computer abuse pranks.

1982: ‘‘Cyberspace’’ first appears in print, but author William Gibson popularized the word and concept of cyberspace with his 1984 book Neuromancer.

1983: MILNET splinters from ARPANET, founded as the dedicated Military Network.

The protocol (set of communications rules) known as TCP/IP became the main networking protocol of ARPANET and continues to be used as the technical basis of data exchange on the Internet.

1984: Steven Levy publishes his 1984 book titled, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, which described the ‘‘Hacker Ethic.’’


The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) is founded under a Congressional Mandate.

1985: Razor 1911 forms to become what is widely considered to be the oldest surviving warez group.

1986: Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is passed (18 USC 1030), the first computer criminal law in the United States.

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (an update to the Wiretap Act codified at 18 U.S.C. Section 2701-2711) is passed.

1988: CERT/CC® was formed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in November of 1988.

The Internet is commercialized. See Computerization Robert Morris Jr., a doctoral (PhD) candidate at Cornell University, releases the first Internet worm.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1988).

1989: SANS Institute is founded as a cooperative research and education organization.

1990: ARPANET is disbanded.

Bot programs are developed by users of Internet Relay Chat (IRC).

Personal computers (PCs) become a mainstream commodity.

Electronic Frontier Foundation is founded by Mitch Kapor, John Perry Barlow, and John Gilmore.

Kevin Poulsen, a skilled computer and telephone network hacker, and two accomplices manipulate a telephone network to win a ‘‘call in’’ radio contest hosted by KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California.

Controversial Operation Sundevil investigation by U.S. Secret Service.

Network Centric Warfare develops at the end of the Cold War conflict between United States and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

1991: The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) was established in 1991 as the Computer Crime Unit within the U.S. Department of Justice, with three prosecuting attorneys.

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) computer program was developed by Philip Zimmerman for encryption emails and other electronic communications.

The terms ‘‘identity theft’’ and ‘‘identity fraud’’ are not believed to have been used in print until 1991. See Identity Theft Operation Desert Storm, First Gulf War.

1993: ID Software’s DOOM is released, becoming the first modern multiplayer game.

1994: The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Assistance Act (1994).

Landmark court case United States v. LaMacchia centers on cybercrime involving $1 million in lost revenue through distributing copyrighted software on the Internet.

1995: Known as ‘‘America’s Most Wanted Computer Outlaw,’’ Kevin Mitnick is apprehended in Raleigh, North Carolina.

At this point there were 16 million users of the Internet.

1996: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is legislated and signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

Council of Europe’s Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) began studying and drafting a proposed Convention on Cybercrime.

Economic Espionage Act of 1996 gives law enforcement greater means to investigate and prosecute corporate espionage.

The U.S. President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) addressed national vulnerabilities associated with interdependent technological systems.

Internet2 is founded as a nonprofit organization. The purpose of Internet2 is to discover the full potential of Internet technology and further promote collaboration and innovation.

1997: ‘‘Cyberterrorism’’ enunciated by Mark Pollitt.

The No Electronic Theft Act of 1997 makes it illegal for any- one in the United States other than the copyright holder, assignees, or their agents to distribute copyrighted software over the Internet.

1998: Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (U.S. Public Law 105-318) criminalizes identity theft.

Domain Name System (DNS) is created as the universal resource locator (URL) for all Web sites.

1999: Various tools such as Trinoo, Tribal Flood Network, Stacheldraht, and Shaft developed to carry out distributed denial of service (DDOS).

Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) enacted to assist copyright and trademark holders in disputes regarding the registration of domain names.

David Smith releases the Melissa Worm by using a stolen America Online account to post a message promising access to pornographic Web sites on the Alt.sex newsgroup.

2000: DDOS tools merged with worms and rootkits in order to automate the multiple compromise systems to launch further attacks.

Emergence of peer-to-peer (p2p) networks and other file-sharing programs enables people to share and download music for free, resulting in loss of royalties for artists.

The family of the musician Jimi Hendrix pursued legal action against Denny Hammerton, the registrant of the domain name ‘‘jimihendrix.com.’’

Hacker launched Denial of Service (DOS) attacks against Yahoo, CNN.com, Amazon, Buy.com, and eBay, which severely limited their access to the Web sites of these companies.

Programming student in the Philippine Islands releases the ILOVEYOU Worm causing significant damage to computers running Microsoft Windows.

Y2K (Year 2000) bug expected to knock out computer systems throughout the world due to a programming flaw involving the assignment of dates that used only six bits (00/00/00) instead of eight bits (00/00/0000) to represent a month, day, and year.

2000, A&M Records and several other record labels sue p2p firm, Napster.

The completed Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was opened for initial signature by participating nations in Budapest, Hungary.

September 11 aircraft hijacking terrorist attacks against World Trade Center and Pentagon kill 3,000 people and result in United States ‘‘war on terrorism’’ and unprecedented monitoring of cyberspace for possible illegal activities.

‘‘Digital natives’’ and ‘‘digital immigrants’’ described by Marc Prensky.

USA PATRIOT Act is signed into law on October 26, 2001.

Code Red released onto the Internet as a means to exploit a flaw in Microsoft IIS (Web page) servers.

Warez group known as Drink or Die (DoD) disbanded after an anti-online piracy campaign.

Operation Buccaneer carried out by the U.S. Department of Justice.

2002: U.S. export controls of ‘‘strong encryption’’ relaxed.

Denial of service (DOS) attack cripples seven servers integral to Internet functioning.

2003: Federal Trade Commission reveals that over 27 million Americans have been victims of identity theft in the preceding five years.

CAN-SPAM Act See Laws, Privacy Protection; SPAM Malware known as Slammer infects 90 ercent of the computers vulnerable to its attack method within ten minutes.

2004: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children logs 39 percent one-year increase in number of reported incidents of child pornography.

The CISSP program earned the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ISO/IEC Standard 17024:2003 accreditation, the first information technology (IT) certification to have done so.

Major earthquake and tsunamis lead to widespread disaster relief fraud on Internet.

Economic losses within the United States attributable to Spam estimated at over $21 billion.

2005: Qui Chengwei, age 41, stabbed to death fellow online gamer Zhu Caoyuan in Shanghai, China, for selling a virtual cyber-sword that the men had previously jointly won in an online auction.

College students in the United States begin using Internet II to pirate music, movies, and software.

Landmark court case Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc., et al. v. Grokster, Ltd., et al. effectively changes ways in which p2p firms can operate so as not to infringe on copyright.


ChoicePoint, one of the largest data collectors and resellers in the United States, pays $10 million in civil penalties and $5 million for consumer redress due to an unprecedented data breach.

2006: Congress approves President George Bush to sign Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime.

Thirteen-year-old Megan Meier commits suicide allegedly because of online harassment.

Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was duped into erroneously paying out over $1 billion in disaster relief to alleged victims of the Katrina and Rita hurricanes that
struck the Gulf Coast in 2005.

America Online (AOL) accidentally releases Internet search data of 658,000 customers.

2007: Austrian authorities uncover international organized child pornography ring involving over 2,300 people from 77 countries who used standard point-of-sale systems to pay for and view videos of children being sexually abused.

Forty-three countries had signed the International Convention on Cybercrime, and 21 nations had ratified it.


Computer servers believed to be located in Russia used to launch cyber attacks against critical information infrastructure of Estonia.


The Consumer Reports National Research Center, on the basis of survey of more than 2,000 households with Internet access, estimated that in the two years prior to the study U.S. consumers lost $7 billion as the result of computer viruses, spyware, and phishing schemes.

Researchers at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) launch world’s largest cybercrime victimization and offending survey involving over 40,000 K–12 students. Findings verify a considerable number of cybercrimes are committed by and among adolescents.

Nucleus Research estimated that the costs of spam exceeded $71 billion worldwide.

2008: There are approximately 1.5 billion individual users of the Internet.

An undersea telecommunications cable in the Mediterranean Sea is severed, slowing Internet access dramatically in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and several nations in the Middle East.

Hackers successfully disrupt electrical power grids in several U.S. cities.


(I made this as resumed and revised) source from:
"encyclopedia of cybercrime" edited by Samuel C. McQuade, III
greenwood press, london. 2009
[need more revision, by many events came after 2008]
_sarung

Pelaporan Cybercrime di Indonesia (yang masih minus)

• Pernahkah Anda mengalami permasalahan di dunia cyber yang berkaitan dengan privasi Anda?
• Seberapa besar pengaruh gangguan serta ancaman privasi tersebut terhadap kehidupan nyata Anda?
• Bagaimana cara Anda menyelesaikan permasalahan itu?
• Apakah Anda melaporkannya kepada polisi? lalu apakah laporan itu dilakukan secara offline ataukah online?

Mengejar idealitas pelaporan kejahatan secara online

Kepolisian negara Indonesia dalam kompetensinya sebagai penegak hukum dan pengawal tegaknya negara serta sistem hukum dan berbagai instrumen perundangan di dalamnya merupakan alat penegakan hukum dalam berbagai ruang gerak publik.
Dalam ruang-ruang yang ada di wilayah publik, berinteraksinya tiap individu, mempertukarkan berbagai kepentingan dan pencarian serta saling melengkapinya atas kebutuhan hidup. di dalamnya berkembang nilai-nilai yang disepakati bersama. Namun, dengan kian majemuknya ruang dan minimnya kemungkinan untuk berinteraksi langsung (meskipun jaringan digital menjadikan segala interaksi majemuk itu mungkin, tapi kenyataannya tidak semua orang berinteraksi dengan semua orang bersamaan. Pengenalan satu sama lain selalu dalam kapasitas yang terbatas, keintiman tertentu), hal itu menjadikan nilai selalu tergantung pada ruang-ruang.

Dalam nilai-nilai yang tumpah ruah (jika kita kumpulkan semuanya dari setiap ruang publik), terdapat kesepakatan tentang nilai-nilai hukum. Dan pokok-pokok nilai di dalam hukum adalah berlandaskan pada dinamisnya gerakan manusia dalam ruangnya yang membentuk nilai dan berkolaborasi dengan dasar-dasar moralitas. Maka jadilah hukum sebagai konsensus, yang disepakati secara terbuka maupun tersirat dalam perikehidupan.

Kepentingan Hukum, pada berbagai tindak kejahatan mayantara, adalah berusaha menyelenggarakan hukum dengan keadilan dan kemudahan di dalam meraihnya bagi siapa saja, secara merata. Itulah semestinya yang terjadi dan harus terlaksana. Dan oleh karenanya hukum melengkapi dirinya dengan berbagai perangkat, dan pihak penegak hukum sebagai perangkatnya melengkapi diri mereka dengan berbagai instrumen agar penegakan hukum bisa berlangsung dengan lancar dan efektif. Dan sistem pelaporan hukum adalah salah satu bagian terpentingnya.

[still typing... moving around look for a cup of coffee]

Pembunuhan (fisik) Cyber

Saya kira siapa pun pernah menggagas tentang pembunuhan karakter di dunia maya.
Di dunia maya dengan publisitasnya yang luas dan expansive kita dapat membunuh karakter dengan mudah, dengan memanfaatkan sedikit kemampuan manipulasi data, image, atau video. kita unggah, miringkan informasi yang menjadi captionnya, maka karakter dan nama baik bisa dengan mudah tercoreng. Kita punya banyak contoh di Indonesia, satu-satunya negara yang memperkarakan  "pencemaran nama baik di internet", melalui kebijakan perundang-undangannya.



Perangkat Keras dan Pembunuhan Fisik
Mengkomunikasikan antara perintah digital kepada perintah tindakan fisik yang mekanis, antara software dengan hardware juga merupakan kelaziman pada industri manufaktur yang berkembang pesat pada masa Soeharto. ITB, ITS, adalah beberapa ikon pengembangan teknologi komputasi-robotik dan semacamnya. Tapi ini tak ada sama sekali hubungannya dengan kedua ikon teknologi negeri kita itu, ini adalah kejahatan terencana.
Mari sedikit berandai-andai dengan cerita rekaan ini:
-----
Pada suatu malam, di ruang gelap sebuah gudang  tersetting dengan rapi handycam di atas tripod-nya, menyala secara otomatis, remoted. pada area 3x3meter cahaya terfokus, selebih itu gelap.
tepat di sisi lain cakupan sorot lampu terdapat kurungan tikus, di dalamnya terdapat seekor kucing kelaparan yang sangat kurus, entah dari mana ia dibawa atau ditangkap sehingga ada di dalam siaran si handycam.
Tepat di antara handycam dan kurungan tikus itu ada piring dengan potongan daging ayam goreng yang kucing manapun pasti tak bisa mengacuhkannya. Persis di bawah piring itu diletakkan adalah plat besi yang pada permukaannya dilumuri semacam lem yang berefek membunuh lebih keras daripada lem tikus.
...
Video ini diunggah atau tepatnya terhubung secara online dengan suatu situs jejaring sosial, online dan realtime, siapa saja bisa melihat si kucing itu di tangkapan kamera genggam itu.
Beberapa jam sebelumnya sang kameraman yang anonim, baik secara identitas maupun traced location di internet, menyebar isu tentang "berita ajaib tentang hidup dan mati makhluk dengan 9 nyawa, LIVE!"
Dan ia memberikan link social network dari video live itu, orang-orang mulai banyak hadir secara live menyaksikan apa gerangan yang akan terjadi dengan kucing kurus itu?
...
Time is running dear... penonton mulai mencapai beberapa ratus, dan mereka bertanya-tanya.
Satu orang memberitahukan kepada satu orang lain tentang pertunjukan ini, satu orang lainnya kepada satu lainnya. Begituuu seterusnya, tak habis-habis. Dan pengunjung live terus meningkat, beberapa ratus. Rating meningkat, diskusi meroket di samping si video. Semua penasaran.
Mereka mulai sadar, ternyata dengan semakin meningkatnya jumlah pengunjung, perlahan pintu kurungan itu terangkat naik, semua makin tertarik dan menghubungi teman-teman lainnya, "kita harus membebaskan kucing melas itu, ayo kunjungi video live ini..." mereka sadar bahwa peningkatan pengunjung menjadikan semakin melebarnya pintu kurungan dan kemungkinan si kucing keluar untuk memakan ayam itu.
"Ini pertunjukan yang menyenangkan bagi siapa saja, bagi anak kecil hingga dewasa..." semua berpikir begitu, jika ini adalah tentang penyelamatan binatang manis itu.
...
Dan si kucing berhasil menyusup keluar setelah hampir seribu pengunjung hadir live menyaksikan siaran amatir itu. Semua senang, dan saling bersukur di ruang komentar video itu.
Si kucing pun berlari menuju piring dengan potongan ayam goreng nikmat itu.
...
Beberapa jam sebelumnya seseorang secara sengaja melakukan hack terhadap sistem rate dan jumlah kunjungan situs jejaring sosial itu, ia piawai dalam mengkomunikasikan hitungan digital ke dalam gerak motorik, kali ini pada pintu kurungan tikus itu.
Pengunjung yang banyak, dan komentar tak terhitung itu memberinya banyak hasil di kantong Paypal-nya. Itu salah satu tujuannya. Money is power to tend 'something'.
...
Hal terakhir adalah, semua orang yang secara live hadir, akhirnya menyaksikan bagaimana kucing itu makan ayam goreng, lantas dalam sepuluh menit hitungan mundur terlihat mengejang, dan perlahan terkapar.
Kucing itu tak bisa lari kemana-mana, ia terjerat rekat lem di kakinya. Lem itu beracun dengan racun kuat yang menjalar dari kulit kakinya, menyusup di jaringan tubuhnya dan akhirnya cepat menghentikan otak dan jantungnya.
...
Semua orang sedih dan terus berkomentar secara 'rapid' pada video itu.
Beberapa menyesal "apa yang sudah kita lakukan? Kita malah membunuh kucing itu"
Beberapa mengutuki si kameraman.

Publik dan Potensi Kejahatan Massal
Original Intense dalam hasil kegiatan yang merupakan tindak kejahatan tidak selalu kesengajaan untuk melakukan kejahatan. Hal di atas adalah contohnya. Kesengajaan pembunuhan hanya ada pada si kameraman, tetapi justru kesengajaan online live para pengunjung itulah yang menjadikan pembunuhan itu mungkin terjadi. Ini adalah kejahatan bersama, dengan kesengajaan bertujuan lain. Dapatkah masing-masing orang itu dipidanakan untuk kejahatan pembunuhan? Mereka seribu lebih.
Keuntungan online atas rating dan jumlah kunjungan adalah pemicu pertama, jiwa kriminal adalah pemicu kedua. Yang keduanya hadir pada benak si pelaku kejahatan (kameraman). Dan pengunjung tidak memiliki original intense tentang itu. Dan mereka tidak ada dalam posisi membiarkan sesuatu terjadi, karena mereka tidak bisa mengatasi permasalahan yang ada di depan mata mereka.
Para pengunjung, melakukan hal yang mengakibatkan terjadinya pembunuhan, tetapi mereka juga tidak sengaja. Sengaja dan tidak sengaja secara bersamaan. Dan mereka secara bersamaan tidak mampu mencegahnya.
...
Menurut Anda mudahkah ini diselesaikan dengan penegakan hukum pidana yang tidak progresif terhadap kejahatan?
Menurut Anda apakah mungkin penegak hukum bisa menyelesaikan berbagai kasus kejahatan modern semacam ini, dan mungkin potensi yang lebih rumit lagi di masa yang akan datang?

Jangan Anda jawab pertanyaan ini sendiri, itu akan mencekam, dan membiarkan Anda di sudut ruangan gelap kebuntuan nalar. Berbaurlah dengan ilmu-ilmu lain, semoga kita bisa temukan pencerahan dan jalan keluar yang melegakan dan aman.[sarung]


ps: hal ini bukan sugesti kejahatan, tetapi sebuah bentuk baru possible attack.

Social media talks about rioting 'constructive'

BBC_The government and police have not sought any new powers to shut social networks, the Home Office said after a meeting with industry representatives. Instead they held "constructive" talks aimed at preventing violence being plotted online through existing co-operation, the Home Office said. The meeting with representatives from Twitter, Facebook and Blackberry was held in the wake of English city riots. The prime minister has said police may need extra powers to curb their use. Networks such as Blackberry Messenger - a service which allows free-of-charge real-time messages - were said to have enabled looters to organise their movements during the riots, as well as inciting violence in some cases.

Criminal behaviour
Following Thursday's meeting, a Home Office spokeswoman said: "The home secretary, along with the Culture Secretary and Foreign Office Minister Jeremy Browne, has held a constructive meeting with Acpo (the Association of Chief Police Officers), the police and representatives from the social media industry. "The discussions looked at how law enforcement and the networks can build on the existing relationships and co-operation to prevent the networks being used for criminal behaviour. "The government did not seek any additional powers to close down social media networks."

Dispelling rumours
Prime Minister David Cameron has also said the government would look at limiting access to such services during any future disorder. A Twitter spokeswoman said after the meeting that it was "always interested in exploring how we can make Twitter even more helpful and relevant during times of critical need". She added: "We've heard from many that Twitter is an effective way to distribute crucial updates and dispel rumours in times of crisis or emergency." A Facebook spokesperson said: "We welcome the fact that this was a dialogue about working together to keep people safe rather than about imposing new restrictions on internet services." The company said it had highlighted the role Facebook played during the riots, such as people staying in contact and organising the clean-up. "There is no place for illegal activity on Facebook and we take firm action against those who breach our rules." A number of people have appeared in court in recent weeks for organising or attempting to organise disorder on social networks. Perry Sutcliffe-Keenan and Jordan Blackshaw Perry Sutcliffe-Keenan and Jordan Blackshaw were jailed for four years for incitement on Facebook Jordan Blackshaw, 21, from Marston, Cheshire, and Perry Sutcliffe-Keenan, 22, from Warrington, Cheshire, were jailed for four years for online incitement. Blackshaw had created a Facebook event entitled "Smash Down Northwich Town" while Sutcliffe-Keenan set up a Facebook page called "Let's Have a Riot in Latchford". Both have said they will appeal. Meanwhile, 21-year-old David Glyn Jones, from Bangor, north Wales, was jailed for four months after telling friends "Let's start Bangor riots" in a post that appeared on Facebook for 20 minutes. And Johnny Melfah, 16, from Droitwich, Worcestershire, became the first juvenile to have his anonymity lifted in a riot-related case for inciting thefts and criminal damage on the site. He will be sentenced next month.

Plotting violence
In the aftermath of the riots, which spread across England's towns and cities two weeks ago, Mr Cameron said the government might look at disconnecting some online and telecommunications services if similar circumstances arose in the future. "We are working with the police, the intelligence services and industry to look at whether it would be right to stop people communicating via these websites and services when we know they are plotting violence, disorder and criminality," he told MPs during an emergency session of Parliament. Tim Godwin, the Met police's acting commissioner, also said last week that he considered requesting authority to switch off Twitter during the riots. However, he conceded that the legality of such a move was "very questionable" and that the service was a valuable intelligence asset. Meanwhile, Guardian analysis of more than 2.5 million riot-related tweets, sent between 6 August and 17 August, appears to show Twitter was mainly used to react to riots and looting, including organising the street clean-up. The newspaper found the timing of the messages posted "questioned the assumption" that Twitter was used to incite the violence in advance of it breaking out in Tottenham on 6 August. Currently, communications networks that operate in the UK can be compelled to hand over individuals' personal messages if police are able to show that they relate to criminal behaviour. The rules gathering such queries are outlined in the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA).

original page: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14657456

Kejahatan Cyber dan Masyarakat [2]

The threat from hacking, be it real or imagined, has incited a range of legislative and criminal justice responses that have driven an ongoing ‘crackdown’ on activities of computer intrusion and manipulation.

The expansion of Internet-related crimes has generated a range of legislative and legal responses, many of which seek to adapt existing laws to the novel environment of cyberspace. Particularly significant challenges are presented by the inherently transnational nature of Internet interactions. Consequently, legal innovations at the national level, while considered essential, have of necessity been complemented by both a burgeoning number of international agreements, as well as ‘informal’ regimes of governance and regulation implemented by a range of non-governmental actors. Below we will focus on the more specific question of legal innovations in response to the perceived threat of hacking and computer intrusion.

It would appear that, in the ‘early years’ of computer crime, there was a tendency to rely upon existing legislation covering offences of trespass, theft and fraud to tackle hacking and related offences. However, a number of landmark cases proved that these innovative computer crimes could ‘slip through the net’ of existing legislation, resulting in failure to successfully prosecute offenders. _Majid Yar

Membaca Majid Yar, tentang Hacking and the Law: Legislative Innovation and Respons. Ia menjelaskan bahwa tantangan dari hacking, nyata atau tidak, telah memaksa munculnya respon legalisasi dan keadilan dalam hukum pidana serta kriminalitas yang sebenarnya telah beranjak runtuh menghadapi berbagai sengkarut tindakan-tindakan pengacauan komputer dan penipuan di dalamnya.

Ekspansi dari kejahatan internet telah membangkitkan respon para penegak hukum dan legislatif, beberapa berusaha mencari cara untuk menyesuaikan hukum yang telah ada ke arah lingkup baru dari cyberspace. Beberapa tantangan signifikan berasal dari adanya ciri transnasional dari interaksi internet, dengan konsekuensi, pembaruan hukum pada tingkat nasional, secara esensial, memiliki peran pelengkap menghadapi berkembangnya berbagai kesepakatan internasional, sebagaimana rezim ‘informal’ dari pemerintah dan aturan yang diterapkan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu non-pemerintah. Berikut kita akan memfokuskan pada pertanyaan yang lebih spesifik dari perkembangan hukum dalam merespon dari adanya tantangan yang dirasa berasal dari hacking dan pengacauan komputer.

Bisa jadi, dalam ‘tahun-tahun awal’ dari kejahatan komputer, ada kecenderungan untuk menyandarkan legislasi yang ada dalam mengatasi pelanggaran, pencurian dan penipuan untuk computer-hacking dan pelanggaran-pelanggaran lainnya yang terkait.

Bagaimanapun, dari sejumlah kasus-kasus utama terbukti bahwa kemajuan kejahatan komputer ini bisa ‘terselip dalam jaring’ legislasi yang sudah ada, hal ini memberikan gambaran kegagalan dalam upaya penuntutan kejahatan cyberspace. Dengan kata lain, pencarian celah hukum dan meng-exploitnya secara sukses adalah langkah biasa dalam seni hacking, seni mencari celah. Saat hukum mulai beranjak beberapa tahun setelah eksistensi kejahatan cyber, maka itu sangat terlambat, tetapi tidak ada kata terlambat untuk berani menanamkan landasan filosofis hukumnya secara lebih teguh, untuk membangun tubuh hukum yang tegap.

Kejahatan Cyber dan Masyarakat [1]

Pengetahuan dalam Internet

Dalam  jaman modern ini, kita menyadari bahwa informasi adalah semacam mata uang, kita berkomunikasi dengan siapa saja dengan maksud untuk mendapatkan dan berbagi pengetahuan. Dengan cara lain dapat kita katakan bagaimana masyarakat menciptakan pengetahuan dan memurnikan bangunan pengetahuan yang telah mereka bentuk.


pada gambar di atas menggambarkan bagaimana pengetahuan diciptakan dan secara berkelanjutan senantiasa dimurnikan dalam internet. Onno W. Purbo, menggambarkan prosesnya seperti tergambar di atas.
Ruang global dalam internet membuat kita mungkin untuk berbagi pengetahuan secara global pula, kemudian pengetahuan akan mengambil posisinya secara publik. Hal ini bisa menjadi suatu topik diskusi, atau dalam kesempatan lain hal ini akan menjadi sebuah bahan bacaan dalam grup jejaring sosial. Kemudian melalui ruang-ruang tersebut, pengetahuan berkali-kali diterapkan oleh berbagai pihak atau pun individu-individu yang terhubung dengan konten tersebut. Beberapa mengkritisi dan beberapa hanya menerapkannya, atau beberapa yang lain hanya membacanya sebagai informasi.
Dengan cara berselancar di internet orang mendapatkan pengetahuan darinya, mereka mengumpulkan banyak keterhubungan yang saling berhubungan satu sama lain, dan mereka mengatur serta mengemas pengetahuan-pengetahuan baru, dengan kemasan baru tersebut seseorang dapat berbagi (menyebarkan) ke dalam jaringan internet, maka mereka pun menerbitkan pengetahuan. Dan secara berkelanjutan pengetahuan ini akan mendapat umpan balik sebagai revisi atau anjuran, dengan beginilah pengetahuan menemukan jalannya untuk diverifikasi. Konsep baru pada bagaimana pengetahuan diciptakan kemudian berkembang sangat cepat dengan memanfaatkan internet sebagai jalannya.
Pengetahuan (informasi, dalam istilah umum) adalah kekuatan dalam cyberspace, dengan banyak alasan, untuk menjadi 'well-informed' dalam era digital bisa menjadi salah satu alasan untuk melanggar pagar keamanan dari suatu sistem. Orang mulai mencuri informasi, politik dan kerumitannya bisa menjadi dorongan kuat bagi rakyat.
[segera kembali.... masih mengetik]

cybercrime and society [3]

Internet: Cyberspace Community

Onno W. Purbo explained that, internet often associated with web, define as site in cyberworld where informations placed and accessible for everyone. web characteristic generally pasif and waiting visitors to visit it to find the or take information that they need. when the web being accessed, visitor interacting with the web server and data base run behind. clearly, the pattern of interaction like this is very inhuman for the most internet users.
watching the social sphere of the cyberspace will be strategic by watching profiles and characteristic of communities in the cyberspace. as imagination, from the content analysis of the cybercommunity we can easily identify mass concentration, mass leader, mass movement, to the best technic for apply penetration into the mass, and to know the public senses especially internet users.
even the contents of the community in the printed media and cybermedia generally shaped by the public sense about something, like about football, cooking, politic, law, and many others. but, there are some additional points of the cybercommunity content compared with the printed media content. in cybermedia content, content built and resulted directly by the society or readers themself. in printed media, the rule of editorial staffs is important to guessing and analyzing what the public/readers really want, and this surely cant reach 100% of the truth sense of readers, just analyses and prediction.
cybercommunities really closely related with the specific topics shared by the community, and the making is not personally, it made by the same sense about something.
study about cybercrime will be more specific if it focused to hackers communities. because in these communities, discussions about cybersecurity and much anticipations towards its weakness is the common interest. we can say that, this is the place where black sides and white sides meets almost alltime. sharing knowledge, technics, and how to practice. hacking is learning by doing.

cybercrime and society [2]

Understanding the Social Structure in Cybersociety

the social structure of the cybersociety tied up with the function of every social agent within, and in the cyberspace functions related with every one in every level of social structure. first, personal skill, which related with the technical instruments in cyberspace, like ability in computer programing language or internet based abilities applied in the browser. second, ability to seeking and exploit weak-links, and use them for their own benefits.
the first and second abilities are better integrated in a skilled person. both are useful for security mantain in the net. they'll be abilities to grow the system and seek the weakness, then the skilled person have ability to patch the bugs of the system. more over, by keep watching others web (for example), skilled person will mantain his/her empathy to help others to solve their problem. and in public space there are so much problems spreaded everywhere. skill in seeking and fixing the weak or the leakages of system-security will get sharpened everytime s/he try to solve the problem. then the results will be: a goodness for everyone.
Social Structure in cyberspace can be applied to them who have ability to make interaction in the cyberspace. like the explanation of 'public sphere' of Habermas of his study in bourgeois society, at least the ability of cyber experts can be define as the another concept of 'bourgeois' in information age. the power of information can be the same worth of the authority of spaces in the real world.
by studying bourgeois society in the 'Public Sphere' of Habermas, the equal in authorities of public sectors founded in authorities of information sources and ability to hack for gaining the access or sometimes, for how to manipulate. but the different is, in the bourgeois society there is less ability to access and ability to control directly the social space itself. while in cyber society, they who can be define as the master of cyber technology possible to manage spaces for public who use and interact in those spaces. one by one, or once time remotely for many. and possible to manage system (platform) by their technical ability and the mastery of the mechanism of the cyberspace, in/under their control sight.
we see how wealth (of information) really have broader power in the cyberspace.

cybercrime and society [1]

Knowledge in the net

In this modern age, we realised that information is the currency, we communicate with others by the passion to gain and share knowledge. in other way we can see how society creat knowledge and purify the knowledge they'v built.

the image show us how knowledge created and continuesly always being purified in the internet. Onno W. Purbo, an Indonesian information technology expert, drew the process like that.
Global space in the net make us possible to share globally knowledge, then the knowledge will take position in public. It can be a topic in discussion, or another chance it will be a reading material in a social networking group. then through these spaces, knowledge many times been applied by some others individuals who got connection to the content. some criticised and some just apply, or some others just read it as information.
by surfing people gain knowledge from the net, they collect much relationalities that related one another, than they manage and package the new knowledge, by this new package people can share (disseminate) to the net, they publish the knowledge. and continuesly this knowledge will get feed backs as revisions or suggestions, by this knowledge found the way to be verified. the new concept on how knowledges are created is growing ver fast in the internet.
knowledge (information, in general term) is power in the cyberspace, by much reasons, to be 'well-informed' in the digital age can be the reason to trespass the security-fence of the system. people began to steal information. politics and its intricates can be the strong power for people.
first, politic can manipulate datas which the true datas safed to undercover the reality, by this hack the system and steal 'secret' informations then spread (disseminate) to public can be the share of people right to know. secondly, politic and its intricates can make a dirty games to steal information from one agency by another to make a profit in leading the information or to well-tricky to the enemy.
first and the second style are can be done by the 'people' or 'government', big or small. with the reason to win, conquer, cheat, well informed (this one can be the positive reason than the others), or others. how ever the praxis are same, by stealing. most justice have the simple meaning as 'balance' there is not included religious intense about sins or karmas to scrutinize justice in practices. seems like we life in the cheatful era, by the ages. like this is human nature to survive.
but anyhow, the wild of the nature law (which replied in the reality in cyberspace), is not the only way to discuss about it's chaotic situation in cyberworld. i am more agree if we discuss it in the vision of enlightenment, the spirit of consciousnes of being (even man keep in dinamic 'become') of the human, spirit of modernity. the spirit that positively face the society created in objectivities, with purposive movement. this will make conception, that how the positive-law is possible to rule the cyberspace.
[continue to the second chapter]

interview dalam riset cybercrime

ini hanya sebuah pengalaman kecil
entah bagaimana menyebutnya secara pasti untuk proses ini.
pengalaman dalam menyusun data penelitian yang berupa wawancara sosial tidaklah wawancara reporter kepada koran harian. dengan penelitian kita semestinya terus berupaya untuk menemukan pencerahan yang disampaikan oleh si narasumber. seperti halnya penelitian historis maupun antropologis yang berupaya menangkap fenomena dan merekamnya, membiarkan sasaran penelitian kita menghadirkan keadaan dan menyampaikan informasi yang bisa kita olah sebagai data. jangan sekali-kali mencampurinya dengan persepsi awal atau hipotesa, atau prasangka, menjadilah seperti anak kecil yang menangkap objek di hadapannya dan menyerapnya sebagai koleksi dalam pustaka pengetahuannya, sebuah pengetahuan segar bagi otak yang kita tak lagi atau belum lagi mempertanyakannya untuk dibenturkan dan disangkal dengan wawasan lainnya.
wawancara untuk tujuan penelitian sosial atau berciri sosiologis yang saya lakukan adalah berkaitan dengan hukum pidana secara khusus. penelitian sosiologis ini sepertinya memang harus saya awali dengan pengalaman tentang hukum dan kegiatan dunia maya, setidaknya kegiatan yang ada di atas rata-rata atau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh mereka yang saya teliti. beruntung saya sudah berada cukup lama dalam dunia ini dan memahaminya dengan lebih baik saat saya mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan kepada para narasumber.
riset cyber life dan semacamnya memang perlu memahami situasi personal dan memahami suasana hati sebagai seorang narasumber dalam lingkungan tersebut, dan saya tetap berusaha menjaganya untuk tidak merusak peran dan posisi tiap-tiap narasumber, yaitu dengan cara menjaga kerahasiaan atau juga menyembunyikan identitas, dan sebagian besar mereka lebih suka disebutkan dengan ‘nick name’ yang sudah populer di dunia maya.
lingkungan sosial cyber jelas berbeda dengan lingkungan sosial di dunia real (riil) karena semua definisi kebendaan dan keberadaan mengalami banyak perubahan, dan ini jelas memberikan banyak makna yang berbeda dalam logika sosial yang sudah umum di dunia nyata. pemahaman dan pengalaman sangat diperlukan. kita harus mengerti dan memahami konteks pembicaraan sang narasumber, yang seringkali memakai istilah yang sangat baru bagi masyarakat atau bahkan sangat uptodate, sehingga kita tidak terlalu terkesan bengong dalam konteks atau bertanya terlalu banyak tentang definisi atas kata-kata mereka, setidaknya dengan begini kita lebih menghargai waktu dan profesi mereka.
dengan in-depth penelitian semacam ini justru tidak terlalu manjur, terlalu lama dan bertele karena para cyberactivists mayoritas tidak punya banyak waktu untuk wawancara dan ini berpotensi kita kehilangan kesempatan untuk menuntaskan wawancara karena suasana sudah terlalu membosankan bagi narasumber. namun investigasi dan upaya mengorek kehidupan sosial mereka adalah utama, karenanya tanyakan secara sederhana dan tidak bertele-tele asalkan mengarah tepat ke tujuan.
karena itu yang terpenting adalah beri pemahaman mendasar dalam dialog tentang konsep-konsep anda, dan sudah semestinya anda adalah bukan orang yang terlalu kosong dalam wacana cyberlife. goodluck!